processing number

= a touch of, a splash of, a hint of

Ex. The article 'The processing of personal data: a touch of France for Europe' reviews the draft directive of the European Council on data protection of personal information.

Ex. Woodlands are being brought to life with a splash of colour and sound with the warmer weather bringing a number of migratory birds.

Ex. I was amused with Weinberg's article and the hints of truth which are embedded with a bit of cynicism.

* * *

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

peer-to-peer: a means of optimizing the networking capabilities of the Internet among groups of computers. Effectively it puts every computer on an equal footing, in that each can be both a publisher and consumer of information. The traditional model on the Web is the client-server one: the client is a computer that is able only to receive information; the server, on the other hand, publishes information on a Web site. Peer-to-peer makes a computer both a server and a client. Perhaps the best-known example of peer-to-peer is Napster, which enabled person A to search for and download music from person B’s computer, while person B could search for and download music from person A’s computer.

     There are several options for the use of peer-to-peer technologies. Information/ content: where the content on your computer becomes accessible to everyone else in the peer-to-peer environment, and vice versa. Processing sharing: where computers with spare processing capacity network together in order to combine resources. Using a large number of computers, this can create very significant processing capabilities. Services: a computer user can offer services to other people in the peer-to-peer network. File sharing: if person A downloads a file from a central server (an e-learning course from the Internet, for example), other people can use it from person A’s machine instead of having to download it again, significantly reducing strain on bandwidth.

     The main problem with peer-to-peer is the issue of security, and therefore it is essential to authenticate users. Many peer-to-peer interactions also use encryption, which ensures that the communication is secure as it is being passed from computer to computer.

1 registry (office) (oficina).

registro civil registry (office)

registro de comercio o mercantil business registry office

registro de la propiedad land registry office

registro de la propiedad industrial/intelectual trademark/copyright registry office

2 registration.

llevar el registro de algo to keep a record of something

3 register (libro).

registro parroquial parish register

4 search, searching.

efectuaron un registro domiciliario they searched his/her/etc home

5 bookmark.

6 record (computing).

7 register (linguistics & music).

8 inspection, inquisition, search.

9 entry.

10 damper.

11 voice range, range.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: registrar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (inspección) search, inspection

2 (inscripción) registration, recording; (matriculación) enrolment (US enrollment), registration

3 DERECHO (oficina) registry; (libro) register

4 MÚSICA register (de órgano) stop

5 INFORMÁTICA register

6 TÉCNICA inspection hole

\

tocar todos los registros figurado to pull out all the stops

registro civil births, marriages and deaths register 2 (oficina) registry office

registro de la propiedad land registry

registro electoral electoral roll

registro mercantil business register

* * *

1) register

2) registry

3) record

4) search

* * *

1) (=acción) registration, recording

2) (=libro) register; (Inform) record

3) (=lista) list, record; (=apunte) note

4) (=entrada) entry

5) (=oficina) registry, record office

6) (=búsqueda) search; (=inspección) inspection

7) (Mús) (=grabación) recording

8) (Mús) (=timbre) [de la voz] register; [del órgano] stop; [del piano] pedal

- adoptar un registro muy raro

- tocar todos los registros

9) (Téc) manhole

10) (Ling) register

11) (Dep) (=marca) personal best; (=récord) record

12) [de reloj] regulator

13) (Tip) register

14) And, Cono Sur (=tienda) wholesale textiles store

* * *

1) ( libro) register; ( acción de anotar) registration; ( cosa anotada) record, entry

- registro civil

- registro de la propiedad

- registro de patentes y marcas

2) ( por la policía) search

- registro domiciliario

3) ( de reloj) regulator

4) (Mús)

a) (de voz, instrumento) range

b) ( pieza - de órgano) register, stop; (- de piano, clavicordio) pedal

c) ( tono) register

5) (Ling) register

6) (Tec) ( abertura) inspection hatch; ( de agua) (Col) stopcock, shutoff valve (AmE)

* * *

1) ( libro) register; ( acción de anotar) registration; ( cosa anotada) record, entry

- registro civil

- registro de la propiedad

- registro de patentes y marcas

2) ( por la policía) search

- registro domiciliario

3) ( de reloj) regulator

4) (Mús)

a) (de voz, instrumento) range

b) ( pieza - de órgano) register, stop; (- de piano, clavicordio) pedal

c) ( tono) register

5) (Ling) register

6) (Tec) ( abertura) inspection hatch; ( de agua) (Col) stopcock, shutoff valve (AmE)

* * *

registro¹

¹ = rec (record), record, tuple, booking record.

registro²

² = register, register, registry, records centre.

registro³

³ = accessioning, stock recording, registration.

registro⁴

⁴ = manhole.

* * *

A (libro) register; (acción de anotar) registration; (cosa anotada) record, entry

(libro) register of births, marriages and deaths; (oficina) registry, registry office ( BrE)

(libro) land register; (oficina) land registration office, land registry ( BrE)

patent office

patent office

( Chi) electoral roll o register

parish register

B (por la policía) search

orden de registro search warrant

la policía ha efectuado 300 registros domiciliarios the police have carried out searches on 300 houses

C (de un reloj) regulator

D ( Mús)

1 (de una voz, un instrumento) range

2 (pieza — de un órgano) register, stop; (— de un piano, clavicordio) pedal

3 (tono) register

E ( Ling) register

F ( Tec)

1 (abertura) inspection hatch

2 ( Col) (de agua) stopcock, shutoff valve ( AmE)

G ( Arg) driver's license ( AmE), driving licence ( BrE)

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

a) ‹nacimiento/defunción/patente› to register

b) ‹sonido/temperatura› to record;

◊ estaba registrando mis cajones (fam) he was going through my drawers

◊ registro civil ( oficina) registry, registry office (BrE)

◊ orden de registro search warrant

* * *

registro nm

1. [oficina] registry (office)

registro civil registry (office);

registro de comercio trade register office;

registro mercantil trade register office;

registro de la propiedad land records office, Br land registry office;

registro de la propiedad industrial trademark registry office;

registro de la propiedad intelectual copyright registry office

2. [libro] register;

inscribir a alguien en el registro civil to register sb in the register of births, marriages and deaths

registro parroquial parish register

3. [inscripción] registration;

llevar el registro de algo to keep a record of sth

4. [inspección] search;

una orden de registro a search warrant;

procedieron al registro de la fábrica they carried out a search of the factory;

efectuaron un registro domiciliario they searched his/her/ etc home

5. [de libro] bookmark

6. Informát [en base de datos] record

7. Ling register

8. Mús [notas] register

9. Mús [en órgano] stop, register;

tocar todos los registros to pull out all the stops

10. Tec [abertura] inspection hatch

11. Tec [llave] stopcock

* * *

1 ( archivo) register

2 de casa search

tocar todos los registros fig fam pull out all the stops fam

* * *

registro nm

1) : register

2) : registration

3) : registry, record office

4) : range (of a voice or musical instrument)

5) : search

* * *

registro n

1. (examen) search

2. (inscripción) registration

3. (libro) register

³ = accessioning, stock recording, registration.

Ex. Accessioning involves giving the item a unique number so that if it is lost the cost can be easily discovered.

Ex. The stages of book preparation, known as processing, can be tabulated as follows: check of book with invoice; quick collation; accessioning or stock recording; classification; cataloguing; lettering on spine; labelling; final check of all processes before shelving.

Ex. The borrower file is then searched to obtain a list of all those borrowers with registration dates before the cut-off date.

----

* certificado de fecha de registro = time stamp [timestamp].

* dar registro = accession.

* fecha de registro = accession date, time stamp [timestamp].

* ficha de número de registro = accessions card.

* libro de registro = accessions register, accessions book, accessions ledger.

* libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].

* máquina de registro de préstamos por medio de la fotografía = photocharger, photocharging machine.

* número de registro = accession number, card number.

* orden de registro = search warrant.

* sistema de registro = recording system.

   1) Grammar as Analogous to a Scientific Theory

   I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)

   2) Native Speakers and Their Grammar

   Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)

   3) The Reduction of Transformation Rules In a Science of Grammar

   Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)

   4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance

   he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.

   Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)

   5) The Terminologies of Formal Grammar

   here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)

   6) The Theory of Grammar

   A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

1) Computers: LAN (local area network), local area net, local area network (LAN)

2) Engineering: local data-processing network, local-area network

3) Accounting: local area network (сокр. LAN), local area network (противоположным является WAN wide area network - сеть широкого доступа)

4) Information technology: local (area) network, local network

5) Oil: ethernet, area network

6) Sakhalin energy glossary: local area network (system permitting a number of PCs to share centralized software and files by means of a file server and hard wiring) (LAN; ЛАН)

7) Automation: (информационная) LAN, communications area, (компьютерная) local (area) network, (информационная) local area network, (компьютерная) localized network

8) Makarov: (вычислительная) local area network, (вычислительная) local data processing network

9) Electrical engineering: local network (передачи данных)

10) Microsoft: company network

1 to take part, to participate.

participaron diez corredores/equipos (finance) ten runners/teams took part o participated

todo el mundo participó con entusiasmo en la limpieza del río everyone joined in enthusiastically in cleaning up the river

Ese diplomático figuró en el seminario That diplomat took part in the...

2 to receive a share.

3 to notify, to inform, to let know.

* * *

► verbo intransitivo

1 (tomar parte - en una conversación) to participate, take part; (- en un proyecto) to take part; (- en un torneo) to enter, take part

2 (compartir) to share (de, -)

■ yo no participo de tu opinión I don't share your view

3 FINANZAS to have a share

► verbo transitivo

1 (notificar) to notify, inform

* * *

1) to take part, participate

2) share, have a share

3) announce

* * *

1. VI

1) (=tomar parte) to take part, participate frm

2) (Econ)

3) (=compartir)

VT frm (=informar) to inform

* * *

verbo intransitivo

1)

2) ( en ganancias) to have a share; ( en empresa) to have a stockholding; ( en lotería)

3) ( compartir) (frml)

* * *

= go into, have + a hand in, involve, participate, take + part, jump in, share in, come into + play, partake (in/of), become + involved.

Ex. As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.

Ex. For the benefit of all users of the thesaurus who have not had a hand in its initial compilation some written record describing the anticipated use of the thesaurus is valuable.

Ex. It recommends the establishment of a centralised Chinese collection by a joint venture involving a charitable trust.

Ex. The LC has also participated in two co-operative programs for the conversion of printed record to machine-readable form.

Ex. This article lists committees in whose work Soviet delegates took part and outlines results.

Ex. The unhappy tendency among teachers -- an occupational neurosis -- is to jump in too early and too often, especially if the talk wanders from direct comments about books under consideration.

Ex. I am honored to have been invited to share in this most important occasion and to have the opportunity to pay my deep respects to your head of department.

Ex. There are, of course, all sorts of other considerations which come into play in determining the income which a publisher might obtain from a book.

Ex. The objective should be to create and entrepreneurial spirit in the midst of bureaucracy whereby all partake in the responsibilities and risks of the library's activities.

Ex. There he became involved in cataloging problems and participated in their public discussion.

----

* no participar = be out of the picture.

* no participar en = be uninvolved in, remain + uninvolved in.

* participar activamente = involve.

* participar activamente en = engage in.

* participar con = chime in with.

* participar de forma activa = involve.

* participar de forma activa en = engage in.

* participar de lleno en = become + a stakeholder in.

* participar de una forma activa = become + involved.

* participar en = engage in, get + involved with/in, become + (a) part of, join in, become + engaged (in/with), engage with.

* participar en un debate = participate + discussion.

* participar por igual en = have + an equal voice in.

* que participan = at play.

* * *

verbo intransitivo

1)

2) ( en ganancias) to have a share; ( en empresa) to have a stockholding; ( en lotería)

3) ( compartir) (frml)

* * *

* * *

participar [A1 ]

A (en un debate, concurso) to take part, participate ( frml)

no participó en la carrera she did not take part in o run/swim/ride in the race

diez equipos participaron en el torneo ten teams took part in o played in o participated in the tournament

participó activamente en la toma de decisiones he took an active part in the decision-making

los artistas que participan en el espectáculo the artists taking part in o participating in the show

participaban en la alegría general they shared in the general feeling of happiness

1 (en ganancias, en un fondo) to have a share

2 (en una empresa) to have a stockholding o an interest

(en una lotería): participa con la cantidad de 2 euros en el número 20179 he holds a 2 euro share in ticket number 20179

C ( frml) participar DE algo ‹de una opinión/un sentimiento› to share sth; ‹de una característica› to share sth

no participo de su optimismo I do not share his optimism

A ( frml) (comunicar) ‹matrimonio/nacimiento› to announce

tengo que participarles que … I have to inform you that …

1 ‹compañía› to have a stockholding o an interest in

una empresa participada al 50% por Sterosa a company 50% owned by Sterosa

2 ‹capital› to put up, provide

* * *

a) ( tomar parte) participar (EN algo) to take part (in sth), participate (in sth) (frml)

b) participar en algo ( en ganancias) to have a share in sth;

* * *

♦ vi

1. [colaborar, intervenir] to take part, to participate (en in);

todo el mundo participó con entusiasmo en la limpieza del río everyone joined in enthusiastically in cleaning up the river

2. Econ to have a share (en in);

3. [recibir] to receive a share (de of);

4. [compartir]

no participo de tus ideas I don't share your ideas

♦ vt

1. [comunicar]

nos participaron la celebración de la boda we received an announcement of the wedding

2. Econ

* * *

I v/t una noticia announce

II v/i take part (en in), participate (en in)

* * *

participar vi

1) : to participate, to take part

participar en : to have a share in

participar vt

: to announce, to notify

* * *

participar vb to take part [pt. took; pp. taken] / to participate

1 to postpone.

retrasaron la fecha de la reunión the meeting was postponed, they put back the date of the meeting

2 to delay, to hold up.

María retrasó la fiesta Mary delayed the party.

El chico retrasó al grupo The boy delayed the group.

3 to slow down, to hold up.

La lluvia retrasa el despegue The rain slows up the take-off.

4 to set back.

5 to put back (reloj).

habrá que retrasar los relojes una hora the clocks will have to be put back an hour

6 to pass back (sport) (balón).

7 to be slow (reloj).

* * *

► verbo transitivo

1 (atrasar) to delay, put off, postpone

■ un accidente retrasó el tren the train was delayed by an accident

2 (reloj) to put back

3 DEPORTE to pass back

■ el público protestaba porque los jugadores retrasaban el balón the crowd protested because the players were passing the ball back

► verbo intransitivo

1 (ir atrás) to fall behind

■ retrasa en física he's behind in physics

2 (llegar tarde) to be late

3 (reloj) to be slow

► verbo pronominal retrasarse

1 (atrasarse) to be late, arrive late, be delayed

2 (reloj) to be slow

3 (trabajo, conocimientos, pagos) to fall behind

* * *

1) to delay

2) postpone

•

- retrasarse

* * *

1. VT

1) (=aplazar) [+ suceso, acción] to postpone, put off; [+ fecha] to put back

2) (=retardar) to delay, hold up

3) [+ reloj] to put back

VI [reloj] to be slow

retrasarse

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) < persona> to make... late

b) <producción/proceso> to delay, hold up

2) <partida/fecha> to postpone

3) < reloj> to put back

retrasarse v pron

a) ( llegar tarde) to be late

b) producción/trámite to be delayed, be held up

c) (en trabajo, estudios, pagos) to fall behind

* * *

= delay, put back, set back, hold + Nombre + back, retard, hold up.

Ex. It would be wise to delay reading these until you have had some experience in using the scheme.

Ex. The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read since this puts him back in his other school work.

Ex. But if set-off did occur and threatened to set back and spoil subsequent impressions of the first forme, the tympan cloth could be rubbed over with lye to clean it.

Ex. Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.

Ex. Without the floppy disk, data processing on microcomputers would have been severely retarded.

Ex. Unfortunately, goods of Community origin can also be held up by the surveillance system, often for several weeks.

----

* retrasar el avance = retard + progress.

* retrasar el desarrollo de Algo = push back + development.

* retrasar el envejecimiento = retard + aging.

* retrasarse = run + late, be late (for).

* * *

verbo transitivo

1)

a) < persona> to make... late

b) <producción/proceso> to delay, hold up

2) <partida/fecha> to postpone

3) < reloj> to put back

retrasarse v pron

a) ( llegar tarde) to be late

b) producción/trámite to be delayed, be held up

c) (en trabajo, estudios, pagos) to fall behind

* * *

* * *

retrasar [A1 ]

1 ‹persona› to make … late

el tráfico nos retrasó the traffic made us late, we were delayed by the traffic, we got held up in the traffic

2 ‹producción/proceso› to delay, hold up

B «persona» ‹partida/fecha› to delay, put off, postpone

C ‹reloj› to put back

«reloj» to run slow

1 (llegar tarde) to be late

date prisa, que estoy or voy retrasado hurry up, I'm late

el tren se retrasó the train was o arrived late

2 «producción/trabajo/trámite» to be delayed, be held up

3 (en el trabajo, los estudios) to fall behind; (en los pagos) to fall behind, get into arrears

se retrasó en presentar el informe she was late submitting the report

me he retrasado con esta traducción I'm behind with this translation

* * *

a) ‹ persona› to make … late;

◊ el tráfico nos retrasó we got held up in the traffic

b) ‹producción/proceso› to delay, hold up;

◊ la niebla retrasó la salida del avión the departure (of the plane) was delayed by fog

c) ‹partida/fecha› to postpone

d) ‹ reloj› to put back

a) ( llegar tarde) to be late

b) [producción/trámite] to be delayed, be held up

c) (en trabajo, estudios, pagos) to fall behind;

◊ se retrasó en presentarlo she was late (in) submitting it

d) [ reloj] to run slow

* * *

♦ vt

1. [aplazar] to postpone;

retrasaron la fecha de la reunión the meeting was postponed, they put back the date of the meeting

2. [demorar] to delay, to hold up

3. [hacer más lento] to slow down, to hold up;

4. [reloj] to put back;

habrá que retrasar los relojes una hora the clocks will have to be put back an hour

5. Dep [balón] to pass back

♦ vi

♦ See also the pronominal verb retrasarse

* * *

I v/t

1 proceso, movimiento hold up, delay

2 reloj put back

3 reunión postpone, put back

4 pelota pass back

II v/i

1 de reloj lose time

2 en los estudios be behind

* * *

retrasar vt

1) demorar, retardar: to delay, to hold up

2) : to put off, to postpone

♦ See also the reflexive verb retrasarse

* * *

retrasar vb

1. (en general) to delay / to hold up [pt. & pp. held]

2. (reloj) to put back [pt. & pp. put]

1 step, procedure, move, requirement.

2 paperwork.

3 passage, passageway.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (paso) step

2 (formalidad) formality, requirement

3 (negociación) procedures plural

\

de puro trámite figurado unimportant

* * *

1) (=fase) step, stage

2) (=formalidad) formality

3) (=proceso) procedure

* * *

masculino ( proceso) procedure; ( etapa) step, stage

* * *

= procedure.

Ex. To this end some consultative procedure is to be recommended.

----

* en trámite = in the pipeline.

* iniciar los trámites = initiate + action.

* trámite burocrático = paperwork, red tape.

* trámites = paper flow.

* trámites legales = legal requirements.

* trámites relacionados con la documentación = paper handling.

* * *

masculino ( proceso) procedure; ( etapa) step, stage

* * *

* * *

(proceso) procedure; (etapa) step, stage

el permiso está en trámite the permit application is being processed

todos los trámites necesarios para la obtención del certificado all the steps o formalities required to obtain the certificate

intentaremos acelerar los trámites we shall try to speed up the procedure

para simplificar los trámites aduaneros in order to simplify customs procedures o formalities

se iniciaron los trámites para su extradición extradition proceedings were begun

la propuesta fue aceptada a trámite the proposal was accepted for consideration

el recurso fue aceptado or admitido a trámite I/he was given leave to appeal

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

◊ están tramitando el divorcio [ cónyuges] they have started divorce proceedings;

◊ simplificar los trámites aduaneros to simplify customs procedures;

* * *

trámite nm

1. [gestión] formal step;

sólo quedan un par de trámites más there are only a few formalities left;

los trámites burocráticos the bureaucratic procedures;

los trámites burocráticos para crear una empresa the paperwork involved in setting up a company;

agilizar/iniciar los trámites to speed up/to start the bureaucratic process;

estaban en trámites de separación they were in the process of getting separated;

de trámite [acto, asunto] routine;

es sólo cuestión de trámite it's purely routine, it's just a formality

2. [tramitación] processing;

admitir una denuncia a trámite to agree to consider a complaint;

el permiso de obras está pendiente de trámite a decision on the planning permission is pending;

por trámite de urgencia urgently

* * *

m formality

* * *

trámite nm

: procedure, step

* * *

trámite n procedure

lot [lo]

   a. (à la loterie) prize

• le gros lot the jackpot

   b. ( = portion) share

• chaque jour apporte son lot de surprises every day brings its share of surprises

   c. [de tablettes de chocolat, cassettes] pack ; [de livres] batch ; [de draps, vaisselle] set ; (aux enchères) lot ; (en informatique) batch

• dans le lot, il n'y avait que deux candidats valables in the whole batch there were only two worthwhile applicants

• se détacher du lot to stand out

   d. ( = destin) lot

* * *

nom masculin

1) ( portion) (de succession, partage) share, portion Droit; ( d'émotions) share; ( de terrain) plot

2) ( à la loterie) prize

3) ( d'objets en vente) gén batch; ( aux enchères) lot

4) ( de personnes)

5) Informatique batch

6) ( destin) fate, lot

* * *

1) [loterie] prize

2) fig (= destin) lot

3) COMMERCE, INFORMATIQUE batch

4) (= part) share

* * *

lot nm

1 ( portion) (de succession, partage) share, portion Jur; (d'émotions, de surprises) share; ( de terrain) plot; répartir une somme en cinq lots to divide a sum into five shares; j'ai eu mon lot d'ennuis aujourd'hui I've had my share of troubles today;

2 ( à la loterie) prize; lot de consolation consolation prize; gagner le gros lot lit, fig to hit the jackpot;

3 ( d'objets en vente) gén batch; ( aux enchères) lot; acheter/vendre qch par lots to buy/sell sth by the batch; le lot numéro 7 lot 7;

4 ( de personnes) group; être/se maintenir au-dessus du lot to be/stay above the average; se détacher du lot to be a cut above the rest;

5 Ordinat batch; traitement par lots batch processing;

6 ( destin) fate, lot; des mois de préparation pour une seule course, c'est le lot de tout concurrent months of preparation for a single race, that's the lot of every competitor; la souffrance est son lot he was born to suffer.

[lo] nom masculin

1. [prix] prize

2. [part - d'objets] share ; [ - de terre] plot

3. DROIT lot

4. [ensemble - de livres] collection ; [ - de vaisselle, de linge] set ; [ - de savons, d'éponges] (special offer) pack

5. INFORMATIQUE batch

6. (littéraire) [destin] lot, fate

* * *

агрегатнопото́чный ме́тод — conveyor-type production [production-line] method

аксиомати́ческий ме́тод — axiomatic [postulational] method

ме́тод амплиту́дного ана́лиза — kick-sorting method

анаглифи́ческий ме́тод картогр. — anaglyphic(al) method

ме́тод аналити́ческой вста́вки топ. — cantilever extension, cantilever (strip) triangulation

ме́тод быстре́йшего спу́ска стат. — steepest descent method

вариацио́нный ме́тод — variational method

ме́тод Верне́йля радио — Verneuil method

весово́й ме́тод — gravimetric method

ме́тод ветве́й и грани́ц киб. — branch and bound method

ме́тод взба́лтывания — shake method

визуа́льный ме́тод — visual method

ме́тод возду́шной прое́кции — aero-projection method

ме́тод враще́ния — method of revolution

ме́тод вреза́ния — plunge-cut method

ме́тод вре́мени пролё́та — time-of-flight method

вре́мя-и́мпульсный ме́тод ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — pulse-counting method (of analog-to-digital conversion)

ме́тод встре́чного фрезерова́ния — conventional [cut-up] milling method

ме́тод вы́бега эл. — retardation method

ме́тод вымета́ния мат. — sweep(ing)-out method

ме́тод гармони́ческого бала́нса киб., автмт. — describing function method

ме́тод гармони́ческой линеариза́ции — describing function method

голографи́ческий ме́тод — holographic method

гравиметри́ческий ме́тод — gravimetric(al) method

графи́ческий ме́тод — graphical method

ме́тод графи́ческого трансформи́рования топ. — grid method

графоаналити́ческий ме́тод — semigraphical method

ме́тод гра́фов мат. — graph method

группово́й ме́тод ( в высокочастотной телефонии) — grouped-frequency basis

систе́ма рабо́тает групповы́м ме́тодом — the system operates on the grouped-frequency basis

ме́тод двух ре́ек геод., топ. — two-staff [two-base] method

ме́тод двух узло́в ( в анализе электрических цепей) — nodal-pair method

ме́тод дирекцио́нных угло́в геод. — method of gisements

ме́тод запа́са про́чности ( в расчетах конструкции) — load factor method

ме́тод засе́чек афс. — resection method

ме́тод зерка́льных изображе́ний эл. — method of electrical images

ме́тод зо́нной пла́вки ( в производстве монокристаллов полупроводниковых материалов) — floating-zone method, floating-zone technique

ме́тод избы́точных концентра́ций ( для опробования гипотетического механизма реакции) — isolation method (of the testing the rate equations)

ме́тод измере́ния, абсолю́тный — absolute [fundamental] method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния, конта́ктный — contact method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния, ко́свенный — indirect method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния, относи́тельный — relative method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния по то́чкам — point-by-point method

ме́тод измере́ния, прямо́й — direct method of measurement

ме́тод измере́ния угло́в по аэросни́мкам — photogoniometric method

ме́тод изображе́ний эл. — method of images, image method

ме́тод изото́пных индика́торов — tracer method

иммерсио́нный ме́тод — immersion method

и́мпульсный ме́тод свар. — pulse method

ме́тод и́мпульсов — momentum-transfer method

ме́тод инве́рсии — inversion method

и́ндексно-после́довательный ме́тод до́ступа, основно́й вчт. — basic indexed sequential access method, BISAM

и́ндексно-после́довательный ме́тод до́ступа с очередя́ми вчт. — queued indexed sequential access method, BISAM

интерференцио́нный ме́тод — interferometric method

ме́тод испыта́ний — testing procedure, testing method

ме́тод испыта́ний, кисло́тный — acid test

ме́тод испыта́ний, пане́льный — panel-spalling test

ме́тод испыта́тельной строки́ тлв. — test-line method

ме́тод иссле́дований напряже́ний, опти́ческий — optical stress analysis

ме́тод истече́ния — efflux method

ме́тод итера́ции — iteration method, iteration technique

ме́тод итера́ции приво́дит к сходи́мости проце́сса — the iteration (process) converges to a solution

ме́тод итера́ции приво́дит к (бы́строй или ме́дленной) сходи́мости проце́сса — the iteration (process) converges quickly or slowly

ме́тод картосоставле́ния — map-compilation [plotting] method

ме́тод кача́ющегося криста́лла ( в рентгеноструктурном анализе) — rotating-crystal method

ка́чественный ме́тод — qualitative method

кессо́нный ме́тод — caisson method

коли́чественный ме́тод — quantitative method

колориметри́ческий ме́тод — colorimetric method

ме́тод кольца́ и ша́ра — ball-and-ring method

комплексометри́ческий ме́тод ( для определения жёсткости воды) — complexometric method

кондуктометри́ческий ме́тод — conductance-measuring method

ме́тод коне́чных ра́зностей — finite difference method

ме́тод консерви́рования — curing method

ме́тод контро́ля, дифференци́рованный — differential control method

ме́тод контро́ля ка́чества — quality control method

ме́тод ко́нтурных то́ков — mesh-current [loop] method

ме́тод ко́нуса — cone method

ме́тод корнево́го годо́графа киб., автмт. — root-locus method

корреляцио́нный ме́тод — correlation method

ко́свенный ме́тод — indirect method

ме́тод кра́сок ( в дефектоскопии) — dye-penetrant method

лаборато́рный ме́тод — laboratory method

ме́тод ла́ковых покры́тий ( в сопротивлении материалов) — brittle-varnish method

ме́тод лине́йной интерполя́ции — method of proportional parts

ме́тод Ляпуно́ва аргд. — Lyapunov's method

ме́тод магни́тного порошка́ ( в дефектоскопии) — magnetic particle [magnetic powder] method

магни́тно-люминесце́нтный ме́тод ( в дефектоскопии) — fluorescent magnetic particle method

ме́тод ма́лого пара́метра киб., автмт. — perturbation theory, perturbation method

ме́тод ма́лых возмуще́ний аргд. — perturbation method

ме́тод мгнове́нной равносигна́льной зо́ны рлк. — simultaneous lobing [monopulse] method

ме́тод механи́ческой обрабо́тки — machining method

ме́тод ме́ченых а́томов — tracer method

ме́тод микрометри́рования — micrometer method

ме́тод мно́жителей Лагра́нжа — Lagrangian multiplier method, Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers

ме́тод моме́нтных площаде́й мех. — area moment method

ме́тод Мо́нте-Ка́рло мат. — Monte Carlo method

ме́тод навига́ции, дальноме́рный ( пересечение двух окружностей) — rho-rho [r-r] navigation

ме́тод навига́ции, угломе́рный ( пересечение двух линий пеленга) — theta-theta [q-q] navigation

ме́тод наиме́ньших квадра́тов — method of least squares, least-squares technique

ме́тод наискоре́йшего спу́ска мат. — method of steepest descent

ме́тод нака́чки ( лазера) — pumping [excitation] method

ме́тод накопле́ния яд. физ. — “backing-space” method

ме́тод наложе́ния — method of superposition

ме́тод напыле́ния — evaporation technique

ме́тод нару́жных заря́дов горн. — adobe blasting method

ме́тод незави́симых стереопа́р топ. — method of independent image pairs

ненулево́й ме́тод — deflection method

ме́тод неопределё́нных мно́жителей Лагра́нжа — Lagrangian multiplier method, Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers

ме́тод неподви́жных то́чек — method of fixed points

неразруша́ющий ме́тод — non-destructive method, non-destructive testing

нерекурси́вный ме́тод — non-recursive method

нето́чный ме́тод — inexact method

нефелометри́ческий ме́тод — nephelometric method

ме́тод нивели́рования по частя́м — method of fraction levelling

нулево́й ме́тод — null [zero(-deflection) ] method

ме́тод нулевы́х бие́ний — zero-beat method

ме́тод нулевы́х то́чек — neutral-points method

ме́тод обеспе́чения надё́жности — reliability method

ме́тод обрабо́тки — processing [working, tooling] method

ме́тод обра́тной простра́нственной засе́чки топ. — method of pyramid

обра́тно-ступе́нчатый ме́тод свар. — step-back method

ме́тод объединё́нного а́тома — associate atom method

объекти́вный ме́тод — objective method

объё́мный ме́тод — volumetric method

ме́тод одного́ отсчё́та ( преобразование непрерывной информации в дискретную) — the total value method (of analog-to-digital conversion)

окисли́тельно-восстанови́тельный ме́тод — redox method

опера́торный ме́тод — operational method

ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, дальноме́рно-пеленгацио́нный ( пересечение прямой и окружности) — rho-theta [r-q] fixing

ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, дальноме́рный ( пересечение двух окружностей) — rho-rho [r-r] fixing

ме́тод определе́ния ме́ста, пеленгацио́нный ( пересечение двух линий пеленга) — theta-theta [q-q] fixing

ме́тод определе́ния отбе́ливаемости и цве́тности ма́сел — bleach-and-colour method

ме́тод определе́ния положе́ния ли́нии, двукра́тный геод. — double-line method

ме́тод опти́ческой корреля́ции — optical correlation technique

ме́тод осажде́ния — sedimentation method

ме́тод осо́бых возмуще́ний аргд. — singular perturbation method

ме́тод осредне́ния — averaging [smoothing] method

ме́тод отбо́ра проб — sampling method, sampling technique

ме́тод отклоне́ния — deflection method

ме́тод отопле́ния метал. — fuel practice

ме́тод отраже́ния — reflection method

ме́тод отражё́нных и́мпульсов — pulse-echo method

ме́тод отыска́ния произво́дной, непосре́дственный — delta method

ме́тод па́дающего те́ла — falling body method

ме́тод парамагни́тного резона́нса — paramagnetic-resonance method

ме́тод пе́рвого приближе́ния — first approximation method

ме́тод перева́ла мат. — saddle-point method

ме́тод перено́са коли́чества движе́ния аргд. — momentum-transfer method

ме́тод перераспределе́ния моме́нтов ( в расчёте конструкций) — moment distribution method

ме́тод пересека́ющихся луче́й — crossed beam method

ме́тод перехо́дного состоя́ния ( в аналитической химии) — transition state method

ме́тод перпендикуля́ров — offset method

ме́тод перспекти́вных се́ток топ. — grid method

ме́тод пескова́ния с.-х. — sanding method

пикнометри́ческий ме́тод — bottle method

ме́тод площаде́й физ. — area method

ме́тод повторе́ний геод. — method of reiteration, repetition method

ме́тод подбо́ра — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method

ме́тод подо́бия — similitude method

ме́тод подориенти́рования топ. — setting on points of control

ме́тод по́лной деформа́ции — total-strain method

ме́тод полови́нных отклоне́ний — half-deflection method

ме́тод положе́ния геод. — method of bearings, method of gisements

полуколи́чественный ме́тод — semiquantitative method

ме́тод поля́рных координа́т — polar method

ме́тод попу́тного фрезерова́ния — climb [cut-down] milling method

порошко́вый ме́тод ( в рентгеноструктурном анализе) — powder [Debye-Scherer-Hull] method

ме́тод посе́ва — seeding technique

ме́тод после́довательного счё́та ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — incremental method (of analog-to-digital conversion)

ме́тод после́довательных исключе́ний — successive exclusion method

ме́тод после́довательных подстано́вок — method of successive substitution, substitution process

ме́тод после́довательных попра́вок — successive correction method

ме́тод после́довательных приближе́ний — successive approximation method

ме́тод после́довательных элимина́ций — method of exhaustion

ме́тод послесплавно́й диффу́зии полупр. — post-alloy-diffusion technique

потенциометри́ческий компенсацио́нный ме́тод — potentiometric method

пото́чно-конве́йерный ме́тод — flow-line conveyor method

пото́чный ме́тод — straight-line flow method

ме́тод прерыва́ний ( для измерения скорости света) — chopped-beam method

приближё́нный ме́тод — approximate method

ме́тод проб и оши́бок — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method

ме́тод программи́рующих програ́мм — programming program method

ме́тод продолже́ния топ. — setting on points on control

ме́тод проекти́рования, моде́льно-маке́тный — model-and-mock-up method of design

ме́тод простра́нственного коди́рования ( преобразования аналоговой информации в дискретную) — coded pattern method (OF analog-to-digital conversion)

ме́тод простра́нственной самофикса́ции — self-fixation space method

прямо́й ме́тод — direct method

ме́тод псевдослуча́йных чи́сел — pseudorandom number method

ме́тод равносигна́льной зо́ны рлк. — lobing, beam [lobe] switching

ме́тод равносигна́льной зо́ны, мгнове́нный рлк. — simultaneous lobing, monopulse

ме́тод ра́вных высо́т геод. — equal-altitude method

ме́тод ра́вных деформа́ций ( в проектировании бетонных конструкций) — equal-strain method

ме́тод ра́вных отклоне́ний — equal-deflection method

радиацио́нный ме́тод — radiation method

ме́тод радиоавтогра́фии — radioautograph technique

ме́тод радиоакти́вных индика́торов — tracer method

радиометри́ческий ме́тод — radiometric method

ме́тод разбавле́ния — dilution method

ме́тод разделе́ния тлв. — separation method

ме́тод разделе́ния переме́нных — method of separation of variables

ме́тод разли́вки метал. — teeming [pouring, casting] practice

ме́тод разме́рностей — dimensional method

ра́зностный ме́тод — difference method

ме́тод разруша́ющей нагру́зки — load-factor method

разруша́ющий ме́тод — destructive check

ме́тод рассе́яния Рэле́я — Rayleigh scattering method

ме́тод ра́стра тлв. — grid method

ме́тод ра́стрового скани́рования — raster-scan method

ме́тод расчё́та по допусти́мым нагру́зкам — working stress design [WSD] method

ме́тод расчё́та по разруша́ющим нагру́зкам стр. — ultimate-strength design [USD] method

ме́тод расчё́та при по́мощи про́бной нагру́зки стр. — trial-load method

ме́тод расчё́та, упру́гий стр. — elastic method

резона́нсный ме́тод — resonance method

ме́тод реитера́ций геод. — method of reiteration, repetition method

рентгенострукту́рный ме́тод — X-ray diffraction method

ме́тод реше́ния зада́чи о четвё́ртой то́чке геод. — three-point method

ме́тод решета́ мат. — sieve method

ру́порно-ли́нзовый ме́тод радио — horn-and-lens method

ме́тод самоторможе́ния — retardation method

ме́тод сви́лей — schlieren technique, schlieren method

ме́тод сдви́нутого сигна́ла — offset-signal method

ме́тод секу́щих — secant method

ме́тод се́рого кли́на физ. — gray-wedge method

ме́тод се́ток мат., вчт. — net(-point) method

ме́тод сече́ний ( в расчёте напряжений в фермах) — method of sections

ме́тод сил ( определение усилий в статически неопределимой системе) — work method

символи́ческий ме́тод — method of complex numbers

ме́тод симметри́чных составля́ющих — method of symmetrical components, symmetrical component method

ме́тод синхро́нного накопле́ния — synchronous storage method

ме́тод скани́рования полосо́й — single-line-scan television method

ме́тод скани́рования пятно́м — spot-scan photomultiplier method

ме́тод смеще́ния отде́льных узло́в стр. — method of separate joint displacement

ме́тод совпаде́ний — coincidence method

ме́тод сосредото́ченных пара́метров — lumped-parameter method

ме́тод спада́ния заря́да — fall-of-charge method

спектроскопи́ческий ме́тод — spectroscopic method

ме́тод спира́льного скани́рования — spiral-scan method

ме́тод сплавле́ния — fusion method

ме́тод сплошны́х сред ( в моделировании) — continuous field analog technique

ме́тод сре́дних квадра́тов — midsquare method

статисти́ческий ме́тод — statistical technique

статисти́ческий ме́тод оце́нки — statistical estimation

ме́тод статисти́ческих испыта́ний — Monte Carlo method

стробоголографи́ческий ме́тод — strobo-holographic method

стробоскопи́ческий ме́тод — stroboscopic method

стру́йный ме́тод метал. — jet test

ступе́нчатый ме́тод ( сварки или сверления) — step-by-step method

субъекти́вный ме́тод — subjective method

ме́тод сухо́го озоле́ния — dry combustion method

ме́тод сухо́го порошка́ ( в дефектоскопии) — dry method

счё́тно-и́мпульсный ме́тод — pulse-counting method

табли́чный ме́тод — diagram method

телевизио́нный ме́тод электро́нной аэросъё́мки — television method

телевизио́нный ме́тод электро́нной фотограмме́трии — television method

тенево́й ме́тод — (direct-)shadow method

термоанемометри́ческий ме́тод — hot-wire method

топологи́ческий ме́тод — topological method

ме́тод то́чечного вплавле́ния полупр. — dot alloying method

то́чный ме́тод — exact [precision] method

ме́тод травле́ния, гидри́дный — sodium hydride descaling

ме́тод трапецеида́льных характери́стик — Floyd's trapezoidal approximation method, approximation procedure

ме́тод трёх баз геод. — three-base method

ме́тод триангуля́ции — triangulation method

ме́тод трилатера́ции геод. — trilateration method

ме́тод углово́й деформа́ции — slope-deflection method

ме́тод углово́й модуля́ции — angular modulation method

ме́тод удаля́емого трафаре́та полупр. — rejection mask method

ме́тод удаля́емой ма́ски рад. — rejection mask method

ме́тод узло́в ( в расчёте напряжении в фермах) — method of joints

ме́тод узловы́х потенциа́лов — node-voltage method

ме́тод ура́внивания по направле́ниям геод. — method of directions, direction method

ме́тод ура́внивания по угла́м геод. — method of angles, angle method

ме́тод уравнове́шивания — balancing method

ме́тод усредне́ния — averaging [smoothing] method

ме́тод фа́зового контра́ста ( в микроскопии) — phase contrast

наблюда́ть ме́тодом фа́зового контра́ста — examine [study] by phase contrast

ме́тод фа́зовой пло́скости — phase plane method

ме́тод факториза́ции — factorization method

флотацио́нный ме́тод — floatation method

ме́тод формирова́ния сигна́лов цве́тности тлв. — colour-processing method

ме́тод центрифуги́рования — centrifuge method

цепно́й ме́тод астр. — chain method

чи́сленный ме́тод — numerical method

ме́тод Чохра́льского ( в выращивании полупроводниковых кристаллов) — Czochralski method, vertical pulling technique

ме́тод Шо́ра — Shore hardness

щупово́й ме́тод — stylus method

ме́тод электрофоре́за — electrophoretic method

эмпири́ческий ме́тод — trial-and-error [cut-and-try] method

энергети́ческий ме́тод

1. косм. energy method

2. стр. strain energy method

ме́тод энергети́ческого бала́нса — power balance method

эргати́ческий ме́тод ( при общении человека с ЭВМ) — interactive [conversational] technique

n. batch processing, processing of a number of files and accumulated information executed by computer without interaction with the user

 

химическая промышленность
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

chemical industry
Industry related with the production of chemical compounds. The chemical processing industry has a variety of special pollution problems due to the vast number of products manufactured. The treatment processes combine processing, concentration, separation, extraction, by-product recovery, destruction, and reduction in concentration. The wastes may originate from solvent extraction, acid and caustic wastes, overflows, spills, mechanical loss, etc. (Source: PZ)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• chemical industry

DE

• chemische Industrie

FR

• industrie chimique

1) oil&gas: luminimetric number (светотехн.)

2) Oil processing plants: luminometer number (Показатель, указывающий интенсивность светового излучения при сгорании жидкого нефтяного топлива)

1 science.

a ciencia cierta for certain

no se conoce a ciencia cierta el número de víctimas the number of victims isn't known for certain

ciencias económicas economics

ciencias exactas (singular) mathematics

ciencia ficción (singular) science fiction

ciencias de la información media studies

ciencias naturales natural sciences

ciencias ocultas occultism

ciencias políticas political science

ciencias sociales social sciences

2 learning, knowledge.

tener poca ciencia (informal) to be straightforward

por ciencia infusa (humorous) through divine inspiration

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (disciplina) science

2 (saber) knowledge, learning

\

saber algo a ciencia cierta figurado to know something for certain

ser un pozo de ciencia to be a well of knowledge

ciencia ficción science fiction

ciencia infusa intuition

ciencias empresariales business studies

ciencias exactas mathematics sing

ciencias naturales natural sciences

ciencias ocultas the occult sing

* * *